Oakland Municipal Code ch. 8.22 § 8.22.360

8.22.360 - Good cause required for eviction.

A.

No landlord shall endeavor to recover possession, issue a notice terminating tenancy,
or recover possession of a rental unit in the City of Oakland unless the landlord
is able to prove the existence of one (1) of the following grounds:

1.

The tenant has failed to pay rent to which the landlord is legally entitled pursuant
to the lease or rental agreement and under provisions of State or local law, and said
failure has continued after service on the tenant of a written notice correctly stating
the amount of rent then due and requiring its payment within a period, stated in the
notice, of not less than three (3) days. However, this Subsection shall not constitute
grounds for eviction where tenant has withheld rent pursuant to applicable law or
where the amount of rent demanded is less than one (1) month of fair market rent for
a unit of equivalent size in the Oakland metro area as determined by the U.S. Department
of Housing and Urban Development.

2.

The tenant has continued, after written notice to cease, to substantially violate
a material term of the tenancy other than the obligation to surrender possession on
proper notice as required by law. To establish a substantial violation of a material
term of the tenancy, the landlord must demonstrate all of the following: (1) that
the violation caused substantial actual injury to the landlord or to other residents;
(2) that the tenant's conduct was unreasonable; and (3) that the term of tenancy is
reasonable, legal, and was accepted in writing by the tenant.

a.

Notwithstanding any lease provision to the contrary, a landlord shall not endeavor
to recover possession of a rental unit as a result of subletting of the rental unit
by the tenant if the landlord has unreasonably withheld the right to sublet following
a written request by the tenant, so long as the tenant continues to reside in the
rental unit and the sublet constitutes a one-for-one replacement of the departing
tenant(s). If the landlord fails to respond to the tenant in writing within fourteen
(14) days of receipt of the tenant's written request, the tenant's request shall be
deemed approved by the landlord.

b.

Notwithstanding any lease provision to the contrary, a landlord shall not endeavor
to recover possession of a rental unit based on the addition of occupants to the rental
unit if the landlord has unreasonably refused a written request by the tenant to add
such occupant(s) to the unit, so long as the maximum number of occupants does not
exceed the lesser of the amounts allowed by this Subsection 8.22.360 A.2.b. If the landlord fails to respond in writing with a description of the reasons
for the denial of the request within fourteen (14) days of receipt of the tenant's
written request, the tenant's request shall be deemed approved by the landlord. However,
for units restricted as affordable housing as defined by O.M.C. Section 15.72.030, a written resident request to add an occupant shall be deemed incomplete and inadequate
until such resident has provided all documentation required for qualification of such
additional occupant and the household after the addition of such occupant under the
rules restricting the housing. A landlord's reasonable refusal of the tenant's written
request may not be based on either of the following: (1) the proposed additional occupant's
lack of creditworthiness, if that person will not be legally obligated to pay some
or all of the rent to the landlord, or (2) the number of occupants allowed by the
rental agreement or lease. With the exception of the restrictions stated in the preceding
sentence, a landlord's reasonable refusal of the tenant's written request may be based
on, but is not limited to, the ground that the landlord resides in the same unit as
the tenant or the ground that the total number of occupants in a unit exceeds (or
with the proposed additional occupant(s) would exceed) the maximum number permitted
in the unit under state law and/or other local codes such as the Building, Fire, Housing
and Planning Codes.

This Subsection 8.22.360 A.2.b. is not intended by itself to establish a direct landlord-tenant relationship
between the additional occupant and the landlord or to limit a landlord's rights under
the Costa-Hawkins Rental Housing Act, California Civil Code Section 1954.50 et seq.
(as it may be amended from time to time). Nothing in this subsection authorizes an
occupancy that would result in either transient habitation commercial activity as
defined by O.M.C. Section 17.10.440 or semi-transient commercial activity as defined
by O.M.C. Section 17.10.120.

c.

Before endeavoring to recover possession based on the violation of a lawful obligation
or covenant of tenancy regarding subletting or limits on the number of occupants in
the rental unit, the landlord shall serve the tenant a written notice of the violation
that provides the tenant with a minimum of fourteen (14) days opportunity to cure
the violation. The tenant may cure the violation by making a written request to add
occupants referenced in subsection a. or b. of Section 8.22.360 A.2. or by using other reasonable means to cure the violation, including, without
limitation, the removal of any additional or unapproved occupant. Nothing in this
Section 8.22.360 A.2.c. is intended to limit any other rights or remedies that the law otherwise provides
to landlords or to tenants.

d.

Actual injury must be a direct result of the tenant's lease. Injury is not limited
to personal or physical injury. Substantial actual injury includes, but is not limited
to, the harm caused by a tenant's failure to comply with income recertification requirements
for deed-restricted affordable housing units.

e.

A notice to cease must state allegations in sufficient detail so that a reasonable
person would understand the alleged violation and resultant injury, including the
term of the lease allegedly violated, the date of the violation, and the injury that
occurred as a result of the violation.

3.

Reserved.

4.

The tenant has willfully caused substantial damage to the premises beyond normal wear
and tear and, after written notice, has refused to cease damaging the premises, or
has refused to either make satisfactory correction or to pay the reasonable costs
of repairing such damage over a reasonable period of time.

5.

The tenant has continued, following written notice to cease, to be so disorderly as
to destroy the peace and quiet of other tenants at the property.

6.

The tenant has used the rental unit or the common areas of the premises for an illegal
purpose including the manufacture, sale, or use of illegal drugs. Residing in a rental
unit that lacks a certificate of occupancy, has not been approved by the City for
residential use, or that has been cited for housing, building, or planning code violations
does not constitute use of the premises for an illegal purpose.

7.

The tenant has, after written notice to cease, continued to deny landlord access to
the unit as required by state law.

8.

The owner of record seeks in good faith, without ulterior reasons and with honest
intent, to recover possession of the rental unit for their own occupancy as a principal
residence where the owner has previously occupied the rental unit as their principal
residence and has the right to recover possession for their occupancy as a principal
residence under a written rental agreement with the current tenants.

9.

The owner of record seeks in good faith, without ulterior reasons and with honest
intent, to recover possession for their own use and occupancy as their principal residence,
or for the use and occupancy as a principal residence by the owner of record's spouse,
domestic partner, child, parent, or grandparent.

a.

Where the owner of record recovers possession under this Subsection 9. [Paragraph
8.22.360 A.9.], and where continuous occupancy for the purpose of recovery is less than thirty-six
(36) months, such recovery of the residential unit shall be a presumed violation of
this Chapter.

b.

The owner of record may not recover possession pursuant to this subsection more than
once in any thirty-six-month period.

c.

The owner must move into unit within three (3) months of the tenant's vacation of
the premises. Such time period may be extended for good cause upon application to,
and approval by, the Rent Adjustment Program.

d.

Reserved.

e.

A landlord may not recover possession of a unit from a tenant under Subsection 6.A.9.
[8.22.360 A.9.], if the landlord has or receives notice, any time before recovery
of possession, that any tenant in the rental unit:

i.

Has been residing in the unit for five (5) years or more; and

(a)

Is sixty (60) years of age or older; or

(b)

Is a disabled tenant as defined in the California Fair Employment and Housing Act
(California Government Code Section 12926); or

ii.

Has been residing in the unit for five (5) years or more, and is a catastrophically
ill tenant, defined as a person who is disabled as defined by Subsection e.i.b. [8.22.360
A.9.e.i.b.] and who suffers from a life threatening illness as certified by their
primary care physician.

f.

The provisions of Subsection e. [8.22.360 A.9.e.] above shall not apply where the
landlord's qualified relative who will move into the unit is sixty (60) years of age
or older, disabled or catastrophically ill as defined by Subsection e. [8.22.360 A.9.e.],
and where every rental unit owned by the landlord is occupied by a tenant otherwise
protected from eviction by Subsection e. [8.22.360 A.9.e.].

g.

A tenant who claims to be a member of one (1) of the classes protected by Subsection
6.A.9.e. [8.22.360 A.9.e.] must submit a statement, with supporting evidence, to the
landlord. A landlord may challenge a tenant's claim of protected status by requesting
a hearing with the Rent Board. In the Rent Board hearing, the tenant shall have the
burden of proof to show protected status. No civil or criminal liability shall be
imposed upon a landlord for challenging a tenant's claim of protected status. The
Rent Board shall adopt rules and regulations to implement the hearing procedure.

h.

Once a landlord has successfully recovered possession of a rental unit pursuant to
Subsection 6.A.9. [8.22.360 A.9.], no other current landlords may recover possession
of any other rental unit in the building under Subsection 6.A.9. [8.22.360 A.9.].
Only one (1) specific unit per building may undergo a Subsection 6.A.9. [8.22.360
A.9.] eviction. Any future evictions taking place in the same building under Subsection
6.A.9. [8.22.360 A.9.] must be of that same unit, provided that a landlord may file
a petition with the Rent Board or, at the landlord's option, commence eviction proceedings,
claiming that disability or other similar hardship prevents the landlord from occupying
a unit which was previously the subject of a Subsection 6.A.9. [8.22.360 A.9.] eviction.
The Rent Board shall adopt rules and regulations to implement the application procedure.

i.

A notice terminating tenancy under this Subsection must contain, in addition to the
provisions required under Subsection 6(B)(6) [8.22.360 B.6.]:

i.

A listing of all property owned by the intended future occupant(s).

ii.

The address of the real property, if any, on which the intended future occupant(s)
claims a homeowner's property tax exemption.

j.

If the owner or relative specified on the notice terminating tenancy fails to occupy
the rental unit for at least a consecutive thirty-six-month period, or fails to occupy
the rental unit within ninety (90) days after the tenant vacates, absent Subsection
c., the owner shall do the following:

i.

Offer the unit to the tenant who vacated it at the same rent in effect at the time
the tenant vacated; and

ii.

Pay to said tenant all reasonable expenses incurred in returning to the unit, including
lease termination fees, if any. This subsection does not limit any other remedies
a tenant may have under this Chapter or other applicable law.

10.

The owner of record, after having obtained all necessary permits from the City of
Oakland on or before the date upon which notice to vacate is given, seeks in good
faith to undertake substantial repairs that cannot safely be completed while the unit
is occupied, and that are necessary either to bring the property into compliance with
applicable codes and laws affecting health and safety of tenants of the building,
or under an outstanding notice of code violations affecting the health and safety
of tenants of the building.

a.

As soon as the tenant vacates the rental unit, the owner of record shall proceed without
unreasonable delay to complete the needed repairs. The tenant shall not be required
to vacate pursuant to this Section, for a period in excess of three (3) months; provided,
however, that such time period may be extended for good cause upon application to,
and approval by, the Rent Adjustment Program. The Rent Board shall adopt rules and
regulations to implement the application procedure.

b.

Upon completion of the needed repairs, the owner of record shall offer the tenant
the first right to return to the premises at the same rent and pursuant to the same
terms of the rental agreement in effect as of the date of the notice to vacate, subject
to the owner of record's right to petition the Rent Adjustment Program for a rent
increase as provided by the Residential Rent Adjustment Ordinance.

c.

A notice to vacate under this Subsection 6.A.10. [8.22.360 A.10.] must include the
following information:

i.

A statement informing tenants as to their right to payment under the Oakland Relocation
Ordinance.

ii.

A statement that "When the needed repairs are completed on your unit, the landlord
must offer you the opportunity to return to your unit with a rental agreement containing
the same terms as your original one and with the same rent (although landlord may
be able to obtain a rent increase under the Oakland Residential Rent Arbitration Ordinance
[O.M.C. Chapter 8.22, Article I)."

iii.

A list of the code violations necessitating substantial repairs, a detailed description
of the work to be performed, the permit numbers of any and all permits obtained to
affect the required repairs, and a copy of the City-issued notice of Code violations,
if any.

iv.

A good faith estimate of the time required to complete the repairs and the date upon
which it is expected that the unit will be ready for habitation.

11.

The owner of record seeks to remove the property from the rental market in accordance
with the terms of the Ellis Act (California Government Code Section 7060 et seq.).

B.

The following additional provisions shall apply to a landlord who seeks to recover
a rental unit pursuant to Subsection 6(A) [8.22.360 A]:

1.

The burden of proof shall be on the landlord in any eviction action to which this
order is applicable to prove compliance with Section 6 [8.22.360].

2.

A landlord shall not endeavor to recover possession of a rental unit unless at least
one (1) of the grounds enumerated in Subsection 6(A) [8.22.360 A] above is stated
in the notice and that ground is the landlord's dominant motive for recovering possession
and the landlord acts in good faith in seeking to recover possession.

3.

Where a landlord seeks to evict a tenant under a just cause ground specified in Subsections
6.A.7., 8., 9., 10., 11.) [8.22.360 A.7., 8., 9., 10., 11., the landlord must do so
according to the process established in CCC § 1946 (or successor provisions providing
for a thirty- or sixty-day notice period); where a landlord seeks to evict a tenant
for the grounds specified in Subsections 6.A.1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6. [8.22.360 A.1.,
2., 3., 4., 5., 6.], the landlord must do so according to the process established
in CCP § 1161 (or successor provisions providing for three-day notice period).

4.

Any written notice as described in Subsection 6(A)(2, 3, 4, 5, 7) [8.22.360 A.2, 3,
4, 7] shall be served by the landlord prior to a notice to terminate tenancy and shall
include a provision informing tenant that a failure to cure may result in the initiation
of eviction proceedings.

5.

Subsection 6(B)(3) [8.22.360 B.3] shall not be construed to obviate the need for a
notice terminating tenancy to be stated in the alternative where so required under
CCP § 1161.

6.

A notice terminating tenancy must additionally include the following:

a.

A statement setting forth the basis for eviction, as described in Subsections 6(A)(1)
[8.22.360 A.1] through 6(A)(11) [8.22.360 A.11];

b.

A statement that advice regarding the notice terminating tenancy is available from
the Rent Adjustment Program (RAP) along with information about how the tenant may
seek assistance, including the RAP phone number and e-mail address.

c.

Where an eviction is based on the ground specified in Subsection 6.A.9. [8.22.360
A.9.], the notice must additionally contain the provisions specified in Subsection
6.A.9.i. [8.22.360 A.9.i.] and a statement informing tenants of the limitations on
evictions as set forth in Subsection 6.D.8. [8.22.360 D.8.].

d.

Where an eviction is based on the ground specified in Subsection 6.A.10. [8.22.360
A.10.], the notice must additionally contain the provisions specified in Subsection
6.A.10.c. [8.22.360 A.10.] and a statement informing tenants of the limitations on
evictions as set forth in Subsection 6.D.8. [8.22.3600 D.8.].

e.

Where an eviction is based on the grounds specified in Subsections 8.22.360 A.8.—10., a copy of the owner's current business tax certificate and a statement
informing tenants of the limitations on evictions as set forth in Subsection 8.22.360 D.10.

f.

Failure to include any of the required statements in the notice shall be a defense
to any unlawful detainer action.

7.

Within ten (10) days of service of a notice terminating tenancy upon a tenant, a copy
of the same notice and any accompanying materials must be filed with the Rent Board.
Each notice shall be indexed by property address and by the name of the landlord.
Such notices shall constitute public records of the City of Oakland, and shall be
maintained by the Rent Board and made available for inspection during normal business
hours. Failure to file the notice within ten (10) days of service shall be a defense
to any unlawful detainer action.

C.

Reserved.

D.

Substantive limitations on landlord's right to evict. This Subsection 8.22.360 D. is intended as both a substantive and procedural limitation on a landlord's right
to evict.

1.

In any action to recover possession of a rental unit pursuant to Section 6 [8.22.360],
a landlord must allege and prove the following:

a.

The basis for eviction, as set forth in Subsection 6(A)(1) through 6(A)(11) [8.22.360
A.1. through 8.22.360 A.11.] above, was set forth in the notice of termination of tenancy or notice to
quit; and

b.

That the landlord seeks to recover possession of the unit with good faith, honest
intent and with no ulterior motive;

2.

If landlord claims the unit is exempt from this Chapter, landlord must allege and
prove that the unit is covered by one (1) of the exceptions enumerated in Subsection
5. [8.22.350] of this Chapter. Such allegations must appear both in the notice of
termination of tenancy or notice to quit, and in the complaint to recover possession,
and must specify on what grounds exemption is claimed. Failure to make such allegations
in the notice shall be a defense to any unlawful detainer action.

3.

A landlord's failure to comply with the obligations described in Subsections (D)(1)
or (2) [sic] [8.22.360 D.1. or 8.22.360 D.2.] shall be a defense to any action for possession of a rental unit.

4.

In any action to recover possession of a rental unit filed under Subsection 8.22.360 A.1. it shall be a defense if the landlord impeded the tenant's effort to pay rent
by refusing to accept rent paid on behalf of the tenant from a third party, or refusing
to provide a W-9 form or other necessary documentation for the tenant to receive rental
assistance from a government agency, non-profit organization, or other third party.
Acceptance of rental payments made on behalf of the tenant by a third party shall
not create a tenancy between the landlord and the third party as long as either the
landlord or the tenant provide written notice that no new tenancy is intended.

5.

A landlord's failure to fully comply with any applicable law requiring payment of
relocation benefits to the tenant, such as those provided by Articles III, VII, and
VIII of this Chapter and Chapter 15.60 of the Oakland Municipal Code, including, but not limited to, required notice, amount,
timing, and any other requirement necessary to withdraw or repair a unit shall be
a defense to any action for possession of a rental unit.

6.

Notwithstanding any change in the terms of a tenancy pursuant to Civil Code Section
827, a tenant may not be evicted for a violation of a covenant or obligation that
was not included in the tenant's written or oral rental agreement at the inception
of the tenancy unless: (1) the change in the terms of the tenancy is authorized by
the Rent Ordinance or California Civil Code Sections 1947.5 or 1947.12, or required
by federal, state, or local law, or regulatory agreement with a government agency;
or (2) the change in the terms of the tenancy was accepted in writing by the tenant
after receipt of written notice from the landlord that the tenant need not accept
such new term as part of the rental agreement and in exchange for valid consideration.

7.

In any action to recover possession of a rental unit filed under Subsections 8.22.360 A.1.—10., it shall be a defense if the landlord was not in compliance with O.M.C.
8.22.510 at the time the notice terminating tenancy was served.

8.

When a landlord seeks to evict a tenant under Subsection 6.A.9. or 10. [8.22,360 A.9.,
10.], it shall be an affirmative defense if any child under the age of eighteen (18)
enrolled in a school or any educator resides in the unit, the child or educator is
a tenant in the unit or has a custodial or family relationship with a tenant in the
unit, the tenant has resided in the unit for at least ninety (90) days, and the effective
date of the notice of termination of tenancy falls during the regular school year
of the Oakland Unified School District.

a.

For purposes of this Section, the following terms shall have the following meanings:

i.

"Custodial Relationship" means that the person is a legal guardian of the child, has
a court-recognized caregiver authorization affidavit for the child, or has provided
full-time custodial care of the child pursuant to an agreement with the child's legal
guardian or court-recognized caregiver and has been providing that care for at least
one (1) year or half of the child's lifetime, whichever is less.

ii.

"Educator" means any person who works on-site at a school in Oakland as an employee
of the school or of the Oakland Unified School District, including, without limitation,
all teachers, classroom and student support providers, school administrators and administrative
staff, counselors, social workers, school health services workers, speech pathologists,
custodial or maintenance workers, nutrition and/or food services workers, library
services workers, child welfare workers, and attendance liaisons.

iii.

"Family relationship" means that the person is the parent, grandparent, sibling, niece,
nephew, aunt, or uncle of the child or educator, or the spouse or domestic partner
of such relation.

iv.

"School" for purposes of this Section means any State-licensed child care center,
State-licensed family child care home, accredited community or junior college, and/or
any public, private, or parochial institution that provides educational instruction
for students in any or all of the grades from kindergarten through twelfth grade.

9.

Nonpayment of rent during COVID-19 pandemic. In an any unlawful detainer action based
on nonpayment of rent or late fees that accrued between March 9, 2020, and July 14,
2023, it shall be a defense that the rent was late or unpaid because of a substantial
reduction in household income or substantial increase in expenses resulting from the
Coronavirus pandemic. Any notice demanding rent or late fees that accrued during this
time period must:

a.

Be served together with a form developed by the Rent Adjustment Program that, among
other things, allows the tenant to indicate that the financial hardship defense applies;
and

b.

Include the following statement in bold underlined twelve-point font: "If you were
unable to pay the rent or other fees demanded in this notice due to a substantial
reduction in household income or substantial increase in expenses as a result of the
COVID-19 pandemic, you may raise this as a defense to any eviction action based on
this notice."

10.

In any action to recover possession of a rental unit filed under Subsections 8.22.360 A.8.—10. it shall be a defense if the landlord did not have a current business tax
certificate at the time the notice terminating tenancy was served.

E.

In the event that new state or federal legislation confers a right upon landlords
to evict tenants for a reason not stated herein, evictions proceeding under such legislation
shall conform to the specifications set out in this Chapter [O.M.C. Chapter 8.22, Article II].

F.

The City Council is authorized to modify the Just Cause for Eviction Ordinance (Measure
EE, O.M.C., Chapter 8, Article II (8.22.300 et seq.)) for the purpose of adding limitations
on a landlord's right to evict, but the City Council may not modify any exemption
from the ordinance from which this Section is derived contained in Section 8.22.350.

(Ord. No. 13828, § 4, 12-17-2024; Ord. No. 13737, § 7, 5-2-2023; Res. No. 89315, § 3, 7-11-2022; Ord. No. 13693, § 4, 6-7-2022; Ord. No. 13608, § 4(Att. C), 7-21-2020; Ord. No. 13589, § 8, 3-27-2020; Res. No. 87325, § 2, 7-24-2018; Ord. 12537 § 1 (part), 2003; Ord. No. 13748, § 3, 6-20-2023)